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longear sunfish
The longear sunfish (''Lepomis megalotis'') is a freshwater fish in the sunfish family, Centrarchidae, of order Perciformes. It is native to the area of eastern North America stretching from the Great Lakes down to northeastern Mexico.〔Berra, Tim and Gunning, Gerald (1972). "Seasonal movement and home range of the longear sunfish, ''lepomis megalotis'' (rafinesque) in Louisiana". ''American Midland Naturalist'', 88 (2): 368–375.〕 The longear sunfish reaches a maximum recorded length of about 24 cm (9.5 in), with a maximum recorded weight of 790g (1.7 lb).〔Bonner, T (2007) ("''Lepomis megalotis:'' Longear sunfish" ) ''Texas Freshwater Fishes'', Texas State University.〕 Most do not live beyond six years.〔 The longear sunfish is quite colorful, with an olive to rusty-brown back, bright orange belly and blue-green bars on the sides of its head. A unique characteristic is their elongated opercular flap, giving an appearance of a "long ear".
The species prefers densely vegetated, shallow waters in lakes, ponds, and sluggish streams. Its diet can include insects, aquatic invertebrates, and small fish. Avoiding strong currents, longear sunfish are usually present in small to moderate flowing streams, rivers, and reservoirs.〔Mullaney, M (2003) ("''Lepomis megalotis''" ) Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan. Accessed 24 November 2013.〕 The genus ''Lepomis'' has a well-characterized mating behavior where parental care is done by the male. He makes and defends the nest. Males fan the eggs to remove silt and other debris until the larvae hatch. Some longear females produce 4,000 eggs.〔Witt, Arthur (1954) "Spawning and behavior of the longear sunfish, ''lepomis megalotis megalotis''". ''Copeia'', 3: 188–190.〕 They spawn in groups but do not form large colonies.
Longear sunfish are better at getting food in moving waters than still waters. This may explain why they are more abundant in streams than lakes. For the most part, longear sunfish are active during the day and inactive at night.〔 There are very few conservation acts currently being performed in order to maintain the distribution and abundance of this species.〔Lyons J (2013) ("Longear sunfish ''(lepomis megalotis)''" ) Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Updated 18 November 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.〕
==Geographic distribution==
Longear sunfish are found in North America, primarily in the Mississippi and Great Lakes regions.〔Fuller, Pam and Matt Cannister (2012) (''Lepomis megalotis'' ) Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, United States Geological Survey. Updated 20 January 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2013.〕 Longear sunfish are mostly found in freshwater areas west of the Appalachian Mountains.〔Berra, Tim and Gunning, Gerald (1970). "Repopulation of experimentally decimated sections of streams by longear sunfish, ''lepomis megalotis'' (rafinesque)". ''Transactions of the American Fisheries Society'', 99 (4): 776–781.〕 Some Lepomis populations are located as far north and west as southern Quebec and Minnesota. The species has also been spotted in places as far south and west as central Mexico and New Mexico. The native territory of the longear sunfish is exclusive to the North American Continent. It is found primarily in the Mississippi and Great Lakes watersheds.〔 The longear sunfish is restricted in range to certain large streams. This species can be located in the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and Mississippi River.〔 The species has been introduced to stream ecosystems along the eastern coast of the United States. The distribution of the longear sunfish throughout North America has not been affected since the species has been followed. This may be due to the species’ ability to travel throughout large bodies of water, thus avoiding dams and man-made interferences along smaller streams. They are also able to occupy different body of water types, thus making them more resilient to a decrease in their range distribution.
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